pages) (PANAVA 2 and 3). This was followed by the questionnaires on perceived aesthetics, perceived usability, intrinsic motivation, and the learning outcomes test (retention, comprehension, and transfer tasks). Learning time was assessed via log-files. This was of particular importance so as to account for differences in time spent on the material due to the loading times generated by the usability conditions. Overall, the experiment lasted about 90 min. Participants took on average 31.04 min (SD = 6.54) to study the
60 pages of the learning material, depending on their working speed (self-paced instruction).