that are sexist will be both causes and effects of sexism. When regarded as a result of past sexism, such institutions will then carryon a tradition oft say, exclud ing women from available high-paying work. Managers and others who carryon this tradition may, of course, overtly maintain extrinsic sexism. They may sincerely, but falsely, believe women to be incapable of carrying on this work. This intentional extrinsic sexism should be distinguished from what might be called individuated extrinsic sexism, which maintains that while women (as a group) are capable of carrying on this work, no individual woman is. In either case it will be extremely difficult to persuasively establish such trenchant attitudes as sexist. In the latter case though women in general are held to be able to do this work, the technique of holding that each one now applying cannot do the job will effect ively, if unintentionally, maintain the sexist tradition. Within that tradition such judgments are considered to be matters of keeping high standards, not sexism. As this practice requires an increasingly high degree of dubious judgment the longer it continues, over time it becomes correspondingly less reasonable to attribute to managers and others the sincere belief that women (as a group) are equally capable. In the case of intentional extrinsic sexism the fact that there are currently no or few women in the field contributes to the view that women cannot or do not want to do the work. The tradition of excluding women is, in this case, intentional, but is labeled by those who practice it "realism," not "sexism."
One important effect of the practice of excluding women in these ways is, of course, that women are made more dependent on others, usually men. By reducing the opportunities women have available to them, women are less able to clearly establish, both to themselves and to others, their general ability to accomplish high-paying (or high-status) tasks. Where these patterns are left unchallenged there is thus little to counter the claim that women are, by nature, more dependent. Moreover, these effects of sexist hiring practices are reinforced in a number of ways. They are re inforced by patterns of language which mark and delimit appropriate activities and attitudes on the basis of sex, and relegate the activities and attitudes of women to a lower status (l.e. sexist language). And they are reinforced by systems of education and enculturation which support, if not create and coerce, discrete proclivities for girls and boys, and relegate the proclivities of girls to a lower status. These social aspects of sexism are further mirrored in psychological dispositions, desires, and self concepts. Accepting the activities, attitudes, and proclivities which are typically asso ciated with men as "normal" or "standard" for human beings (l.e. the man standard) would render the activities, attitudes, and proclivities which are typically associated with women, when different, abnormal or substandard. For instance, women will appear "highly emotional" or "hysterical" when they display more emotion and concern than men, or "brooding" and "moody" when less. More pertinently, recog nition of the man standard enables us to make as much sense as one can of the characterization of pregnancy as a form of illness or a temporary disability.
We stated earlier that sexism involves systematic inequality. Our discussion to this point has attempted to elucidate this notion. On our view sexism is a system atic, pervasive, but often subtle, force that maintains the oppression of women, and that is at work through institutional structures, in interpersonal interactions and the attitudes that are expressed in them, and in the cognitive, linguistic, and emotional
ที่เป็น sexist จะทั้งสาเหตุและผลกระทบของเพศนิยม เมื่อถือจากอดีตเพศนิยม สถาบันดังกล่าวจะ แล้ว carryon ประเพณี oft กล่าว ผู้หญิงกำลัง exclud งานจ่ายสูงมี ผู้จัดการและบุคคลอื่นที่ carryon ประเพณีนี้ แน่นอน อาจรักษา overtly เพศนิยมสึกหรอ พวกเขาอาจจริง แต่แอบ เชื่อว่าผู้หญิงเป็นหมันดำเนินงานนี้ เพศนิยมสึกหรอนี้มิควรแตกต่างจากอะไรอาจเรียกว่า individuated สึกหรอเพศนิยม ซึ่งรักษาผู้หญิง (เป็นกลุ่ม) มีความสามารถในการดำเนินงานนี้ ผู้หญิงละไม่ว่า ในกรณีอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง มันจะยากมากในการสร้างทัศนคติเช่น trenchant เป็น sexist persuasively ในกรณีหลัง แม้ว่าผู้หญิงโดยทั่วไปจะจัดขึ้นเพื่อให้สามารถทำงานนี้ เทคนิคของถือว่า แต่ละคนตอนนี้ใช้ไม่ทำงานจะมีผล ively ถ้าตั้งใจ รักษาประเพณี sexist ภายในที่ ประเพณีคำพิพากษาดังกล่าวจะถือเป็นเรื่องของการรักษามาตรฐานสูง ไม่เพศนิยม ตามแบบฝึกหัดนี้ต้องการระดับสูงขึ้นพิพากษานานสงสัย มันยังคง ช่วงเวลานั้นจำนวนน้อยเหมาะสมที่จะกำหนดให้กับผู้จัดการและอื่น ๆ ความจริงใจที่ผู้หญิง (เป็นกลุ่ม) มีความสามารถเท่า ๆ กัน กรณีเพศนิยมสึกหรอตก จริงที่ขณะนี้มีผู้หญิงไม่มี หรือไม่ในฟิลด์สนับสนุนมุมมองที่ผู้หญิงไม่สามารถ หรือไม่ต้องการทำงาน ประเพณีการรวมหญิง เป็น ในกรณีนี้ ตก แต่ชื่อผู้ฝึก "สัจนิยม ไม่"เพศนิยม"One important effect of the practice of excluding women in these ways is, of course, that women are made more dependent on others, usually men. By reducing the opportunities women have available to them, women are less able to clearly establish, both to themselves and to others, their general ability to accomplish high-paying (or high-status) tasks. Where these patterns are left unchallenged there is thus little to counter the claim that women are, by nature, more dependent. Moreover, these effects of sexist hiring practices are reinforced in a number of ways. They are re inforced by patterns of language which mark and delimit appropriate activities and attitudes on the basis of sex, and relegate the activities and attitudes of women to a lower status (l.e. sexist language). And they are reinforced by systems of education and enculturation which support, if not create and coerce, discrete proclivities for girls and boys, and relegate the proclivities of girls to a lower status. These social aspects of sexism are further mirrored in psychological dispositions, desires, and self concepts. Accepting the activities, attitudes, and proclivities which are typically asso ciated with men as "normal" or "standard" for human beings (l.e. the man standard) would render the activities, attitudes, and proclivities which are typically associated with women, when different, abnormal or substandard. For instance, women will appear "highly emotional" or "hysterical" when they display more emotion and concern than men, or "brooding" and "moody" when less. More pertinently, recog nition of the man standard enables us to make as much sense as one can of the characterization of pregnancy as a form of illness or a temporary disability.We stated earlier that sexism involves systematic inequality. Our discussion to this point has attempted to elucidate this notion. On our view sexism is a system atic, pervasive, but often subtle, force that maintains the oppression of women, and that is at work through institutional structures, in interpersonal interactions and the attitudes that are expressed in them, and in the cognitive, linguistic, and emotional
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