In the United Kingdom, trends
in multiple alcohol-related problems, including nonsexual
violent crimes, increased following the Licensing Act of
1988, which extended hours of alcohol sales (Duffy & Pinot
De Moira, 1996). However, following a new Licensing Act
in 2003, which eliminated standard closing times for pubs
and clubs in the United Kingdom (allowing sales 24 hours
per day), data from crime statistics, victim surveys, and ED
injuries suggested no impact on violent crimes 1 year after
implementation, in part because of only short extensions of
licensed establishments’ opening hours (Hough & Hunter,
2008).