Methods: A randomized controlled trial was performed. Forty-two patients (mean ± SD age, 55 ± 9 years; 81% female)
satisfied eligibility criteria, agreed to participate, and were randomized into an MWM group (n = 21) or sham manual contact
(n = 21). The primary outcome measures including pain intensity, pain during active range of motion, and maximal active range
of motion were assessed by a clinician blinded to group allocation. Outcomes were captured at baseline and after 2 weeks of
MWM treatment or sham intervention. The primary analysis was the group × time interaction.