Many Uyghurs in the XUAR resent Chinese rule and complain that Han Chinese immigrants—encouraged to migrate by Beijing’s “go West” campaign — benefiting disproportionately from economic and educational opportunities there. Unemployment among Uyghurs is very high. They also resent the phasing out of Uyghur-language instruction in schools and universities, restrictions on the practice and teaching of Islam, travel restrictions, and other curbs that they regard as harassment, such as local regulations banning women from wearing headscarves or men from wearing beards. Experts note that while Chinese law guarantees equal treatment and autonomy for ethnic minorities, these principles in many instances aren’t honored in practice. Human rights groups accuse Beijing of taking advantage of the U.S.-led “war on terror” that followed the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks to pursue a rigorous crackdown on suspected Uyghur separatists. China has accused Uyghur separatists of fomenting unrest in the region, particularly in the run-up to and during the Olympics last year, when a wave of violence hit the vast desert region. The violence prompted a crackdown in which the government says 1,295 people were detained for state security crimes.