5 Research on the Flipped Classroom
A search of the literature through June 2012 revealed 24 studies related to the flipped classroom.
A spreadsheet with a complete encoding of study features was created, including the publication
type, year of publication, course, educational institution, study type, sample size, measurement
instruments, theoretical framework, in-class activities, and out-of-class activities. A limited subset
of this information is listed in Table 3.
The combination of in-class and out-of-class activities was evaluated to determine whether the
study actually represented a flipped classroom. To meet the criterion, out-of-class activities must
include required video lectures; in-class activities must be required, and must involve interactive
learning activities—specifically, the primary in-class component could not be lectures. This
eliminated eleven studies. Some of these required students to read material before class, rather
than having it presented in an audiovisual format (e.g., Papadopoulos et al.[58], Papdopoulos and
Santiago-Román[59]), others maintained that either video lectures or in-class activities were optional
(e.g., Thomas and Philpot[72]). Of the remaining studies, all but two either formally or informally
examined student perceptions.