Materials
White and brown rice kernels (Oryza sativa L. ssp.) of a Japonica
type (“Ilpum” variety) harvested in 2008 were provided by the
National Institute of Crop Science (Seoul, Korea). Wheat flour
(protein content 8.0 g/100 g) was obtained from Deahan Flour Mills
Co. (Seoul, Korea). Shortening (Samyang Co., Korea), sugar
(Samyang Co., Korea), butter (Forena Limited Co., New Zealand),
eggs, and salt (Daesang Co. Korea) were purchased from a local
market (Seoul, Korea).