the yields of products resulting from the pyrolysis of untreated and pretreated biomass are presented in fig. 1.the totai liquid,biochar,and gases produced from untreated D.fir were 51.39±1.05,17.42±2.22,and 31.13±2.38%,respectively.lt can be observed that hot water pretreatment did not cause much difference when the yields of the bio-oil,biochar,and gases are concerned.Hot water pretreatment is known to remove the ash,extractives,and alkaline metal fromthe biomass(Di Blasi et al.,2007).However these removals of the aforementioned compounds did not seem to have an effect on the yield of biochar and bio-oil,On the other hand,torrefaction was able to increase the total yield of the bio-oil,although by only 2 mass%.