Starting in 2008, each division was measured on the basis ofits return on assets, which was defined to be the division's net income divided by its total assets. Net income for a division was calculated by taking the division's "direct income before taxes," then subtracting the division's share of corporate administrative expenses (allocated on the basis of divisional revenues) and its share of income tax expense (the tax rate applied to the division's "direct income before taxes" after subtraction ofthe allocated corporate administrative expenses). Although Johnson realized there were other ways to define a division's income, he and the president preferred this method since "it made the sum ofthe [divisional] parts equal to the [corporate] whole.