Conversion of salinity gradient energy into electrical power by reverse electrodialysis. The outlet from RED is indicated as brackish water since
the technology is mostly applied for seawater and river water. In the application for energy recovery from brine, the outlet concentration outlet can be of
much higher than brackish water concentration.
• Process intensification and new developments
as mitigation strategies.
• Future research directions in sustaining
water and energy production
technologies indicated.