The main surface modification process currently used for the realization
of rough dental implants are: porous coatings by plasma
spray (TPS) or sintering; sandblasted surfaces, obtained by surface
blasting with particles of various sizes and materials (particle dimensions
typically comprised between 25 μm and 250 μm, typically made
by Al2O3, TiO2 or ZrO2) with a final roughness of 0.5–2.0 μm; acid etched
surfaces, with a final roughness of 0.3–1.0 μm; sandblasted and acid
etched surfaces (SLA), obtained by various acid etching performed on
sandblasted surfaces and resulting in microtextured surfaces, with a
roughness of 1–2 μm; laser modified surfaces to obtain micro- and
nano-structures; anodized surfaces, obtained by electrochemical oxidation
in various electrolytes and resulting in porous titanium oxide
layers, enriched with different ions, such as calcium or phosphorous.