A cluster randomized trial (WASHING WITHOUT WATER) was conducted between April 2011 and November 2012. Randomization was performed prior to baseline data collection and at the level of nursing home wards (Altman et al., 2001 and Campbell et al., 2004). Residents within the same ward were considered to be a cluster (Fig. 1). To ensure that all bed baths were performed according to randomization, we removed the washbowls from the rooms of the residents who were included and stocked their rooms with disposable washcloths.