misclassification of asphyxiated infants as stillbirths (the nonbreathing nonresuscitated infant), and an unreliable “high” 5-minute Apgar score. A basic tenet of the Helping Babies Breathe program15,16 is that initiation of BMV within the Golden first minute after delivery in nonbreathing infants has the great potential to reduce early neonatal deaths and “fresh stillbirths” (the nonbreathing nonresuscitated infant) dramatically. This is a critically important concept because it makes the assumption that most nonbreathing infants are in primary apnea and will respond to the early initiation of BMV. We have previously reported that in the same population ∼83% of infants spontaneously initiated breathing within the first minute after delivery, ∼8% responded to stimulation and suctioning by initiating breathing, and the majority of the remaining infants responded to BMV by initiating breathing within 4 to 5 minutes.17 The time to initiation of BMV as well as the duration of BMV were significantly longer among infants who died compared with infants with normal outcome. Specifically, the risk for death increased 16% for every 30 seconds’ delay in initiating BMV up to 6 minutes and 6% for every minute of applied BMV.17 In this report, infants with a diagnosis of BA-related deaths were significantly more likely to receive BMV when corrected for BW and GA. Many of these infants presented with obstetrical complications and FHR abnormalities. Analysis of the same population (and reported separately) reveals that FHR abnormalities intermittentlydetected with the fetoscope identifies fetal compromise, and the risk for early neonatal deaths and fresh stillbirths.18 Thus, FHR monitoring and anticipation of the potential need for BMV before delivery should become an important teaching point of the Helping Babies Breathe program.15