1. Introduction
Recent estimates indicate that all marine ecosystems are
touched by a host of physical, chemical and biological anthropogenic
changes, with as much as 41% of the world’s marine ecosystems
‘‘strongly affected by multiple drivers” (Halpern et al., 2008).
Losses to marine biodiversity are occurring on a global scale
through species extinctions, population depletions, and community
homogenization as a result of overfishing, climate change,
invasive species and pollution; and, this loss is expected to continue
to occur, if not accelerate, with ecological collapses and shifts
in entire biological communities (Sala and Knowlton, 2006). And,
while we have disparate social science addressing marine issues,
1. Introduction
Recent estimates indicate that all marine ecosystems are
touched by a host of physical, chemical and biological anthropogenic
changes, with as much as 41% of the world’s marine ecosystems
‘‘strongly affected by multiple drivers” (Halpern et al., 2008).
Losses to marine biodiversity are occurring on a global scale
through species extinctions, population depletions, and community
homogenization as a result of overfishing, climate change,
invasive species and pollution; and, this loss is expected to continue
to occur, if not accelerate, with ecological collapses and shifts
in entire biological communities (Sala and Knowlton, 2006). And,
while we have disparate social science addressing marine issues,
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