A common belief is that deterministic systems are predictable,
but chaos theory has shown that this is not true. Many nonlinear
dynamic systems in physics, engineering, biology and economics
show behaviour that is highly sensitive to changes in initial conditions
(Mandelbrot and Hudson, 2005). Rapidly advancing research
in the field has brought pictures of fractal sets, showing increasingly
fine structures when zooming into larger details. The theory
points to two impediments that challenge the view that systems
could be simulated accurately enough to make predictions of safe
or unsafe behaviour. Firstly, if the system under investigation
shows chaotic behaviour in some parts of its state space, then
small errors in an assessment of its initial state may produce vastly
different behaviour. Secondly, any prediction will due to numerical
inaccuracies be relevant only for a short time into the future
 
A common belief is that deterministic systems are predictable,
but chaos theory has shown that this is not true. Many nonlinear
dynamic systems in physics, engineering, biology and economics
show behaviour that is highly sensitive to changes in initial conditions
(Mandelbrot and Hudson, 2005). Rapidly advancing research
in the field has brought pictures of fractal sets, showing increasingly
fine structures when zooming into larger details. The theory
points to two impediments that challenge the view that systems
could be simulated accurately enough to make predictions of safe
or unsafe behaviour. Firstly, if the system under investigation
shows chaotic behaviour in some parts of its state space, then
small errors in an assessment of its initial state may produce vastly
different behaviour. Secondly, any prediction will due to numerical
inaccuracies be relevant only for a short time into the future
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