Table 1). Increasing fibres, proteins and sugars can
increase batter density as these components can impair
the aeration process of the batter by disrupting the
structure of the batter and release the trapped air or
CO2 from baking powder (Wilderjans et al., 2008;
Gomes et al., 2015). Reduction of lipid content due to
the addition of CPP can also increase batter density
by reducing batter aeration (Al-Dmoor, 2013). In
addition, CPP contains higher mineral content than
the gluten-free flour (see Table 1) which might affect
the electric charges on proteins and affect their interactions
with water and other proteins. This can alter the
gas-holding capacity of the proteins leading to reduced
density.