higher and lower levels of understanding, even though the percentage of high level marks (54.04%) is
more than that of low level marks (45.96%). So, the data indicates that students have not well mastered
conceptual questions. Conceptual questions typically ask about the natural world and investigating
phenomena. Furthermore, conceptual problems require the students to use scientific reasoning that can
be developed from general cognitive skills. It is said that students with poor reasoning skills cannot
solve most conceptual problems (Cracolice, Deming and Ehlert, 2008). For example, question number 1 in
section B requires reasoning to solve the problem. This question tested the students’ understanding of
the reaction of hydrogen burning in air according to the reaction of 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
O. The students
needed to determine why heat is given off during this reaction. Students with a good conceptual understanding of
the chemistry involved would know that during the reaction, hydrogen bond formation will give off energy. Based
on Piaget’s constructivism, there are cognitive differences in students’ underlying reasoning abilities. These
differences restrict a significant number of students from being successful conceptual-problem solvers (Cracolice,
Deming and Ehlert, 2008). Question number 2 in section B asked students about their understanding of chemistry at
the microscopic level. Students had to predict the results of sulphur trioxide at the microscopic level (molecular
arrangement) after the mixture had reacted completely according to the equation 2S + 3O
2
2
2SO
The results
obtained showed that many students could not answer correctly due to a lack of understanding of the microscopic
level.
3.
higher and lower levels of understanding, even though the percentage of high level marks (54.04%) is
more than that of low level marks (45.96%). So, the data indicates that students have not well mastered
conceptual questions. Conceptual questions typically ask about the natural world and investigating
phenomena. Furthermore, conceptual problems require the students to use scientific reasoning that can
be developed from general cognitive skills. It is said that students with poor reasoning skills cannot
solve most conceptual problems (Cracolice, Deming and Ehlert, 2008). For example, question number 1 in
section B requires reasoning to solve the problem. This question tested the students’ understanding of
the reaction of hydrogen burning in air according to the reaction of 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
O. The students
needed to determine why heat is given off during this reaction. Students with a good conceptual understanding of
the chemistry involved would know that during the reaction, hydrogen bond formation will give off energy. Based
on Piaget’s constructivism, there are cognitive differences in students’ underlying reasoning abilities. These
differences restrict a significant number of students from being successful conceptual-problem solvers (Cracolice,
Deming and Ehlert, 2008). Question number 2 in section B asked students about their understanding of chemistry at
the microscopic level. Students had to predict the results of sulphur trioxide at the microscopic level (molecular
arrangement) after the mixture had reacted completely according to the equation 2S + 3O
2
2
2SO
The results
obtained showed that many students could not answer correctly due to a lack of understanding of the microscopic
level.
3.
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