As shown in Fig. 4, position loss factor can be expressed by
attenuation function F(R) based on the distance between nodes
and by attenuation function F(Θ) based on elevation angle.
Signal attenuation function F(R) based on distance can be expressed
as shown below with attenuation based on the medium
using the Friis formula and plane wave equation, which are,
respectively, based on transmitted energy density and receiving
area [12]