3.2. Balance approach
Furthermore, Waits and Demana (1998a, 1998b, 1999a, 1999b) proposed a balance approach of using GC in mathematics, which is “the
appropriate use of traditional paper-and-pencil and graphing calculator techniques on a regular basis”. That is, the GC is best used to
facilitate mathematics learning in the following conditions:
Use the conventional approach (paper-and-pencil) followed by the use of the GC, i.e. solve problems using paper-and-pencil and
support the result using a GC.
Use the GC approach followed by the conventional approach, i.e. solve problems using a GC, and then confirm the result using paperand-
pencil algebraic manipulation methods.
Use the conventional approach at the initial concept development phase followed by the use of the GC in the extension and generalizing
phase, i.e. using manipulative and paper-and-pencil techniques during initial concept development, and then use GCs in the extension
and generalizing phase.
Adopt the GC approach, i.e. use GCs to investigate and explore the numerous relationships among various representations of a problem
situation.