One potential method by which fish schools may thwart predators is the ‘predator confusion effect’ proposed and demonstrated by Milinski and Heller (1978).[25] This theory is based on the idea that it becomes difficult for predators to pick out individual prey from groups because the many moving targets create a sensory overload of the predator's visual channel. Milinski and Heller's findings have been corroborated both in experiment[26][27] and computer simulations.[28][29] "Shoaling fish are the same size and silvery, so it is difficult for a visually oriented predator to pick an individual out of a mass of twisting, flashing fish and then have enough time to grab its prey before it disappears into the shoal."[4]