for most companies "the problem is
that there are too many performance
measures - too many that are obsolete and too many that are not consistent." While performance measures will readily accumulate, it is rare that they are removed. This results in performance measurement systems based on what Keegan, et al. describe as "the ghosts-of-management-past." Even if new metrics are rigorously examined, existing metrics are typically not reviewed in the context of the entire system which could result in an outdated and untested per formance measurement "system" where the interrelations between the metrics are not known, duplication is frequent, and omission is undetectable.