The two study objectives were to determine the prevalence and relative
risk (RR) by smoking status for CdU above 1.0, 0.7, and 0.5 g Cd/g creatinine in U.S. adults; and to
describe geometric mean CdU by smoking status, age, and sex. NHANES 1999–2006 data for adults without
chronic kidney disease were used to compute prevalence rates above the three CdU in current and
former cigarette smokers, and non-smokers.