Servant leadership stresses personal integrity and serving others, including employees, customers, and communities. This article
focuses on a servant leadership measure that was created by identifying 9 dimensions. Relevant items were then developed and
subjected to factor analysis with a sample of 298 students, resulting in a 7-factor solution. Using an organizational sample of 182
individuals, we verified this 7-factor model with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We further validated our 28-item servant
leadership scale by regressing outcomes on the servant leadership dimensions, controlling for transformational leadership and
leader–member exchange (LMX) in a multi-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis. The results suggest that servant
leadership is a multidimensional construct and at the individual level makes a unique contribution beyond transformational
leadership and LMX in explaining community citizenship behaviors, in-role performance, and organizational commitment. No
between-leader (group-level) differences were found in the outcomes variables.
© 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Servant leadership stresses personal integrity and serving others, including employees, customers, and communities. This articlefocuses on a servant leadership measure that was created by identifying 9 dimensions. Relevant items were then developed andsubjected to factor analysis with a sample of 298 students, resulting in a 7-factor solution. Using an organizational sample of 182individuals, we verified this 7-factor model with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We further validated our 28-item servantleadership scale by regressing outcomes on the servant leadership dimensions, controlling for transformational leadership andleader–member exchange (LMX) in a multi-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis. The results suggest that servantleadership is a multidimensional construct and at the individual level makes a unique contribution beyond transformationalleadership and LMX in explaining community citizenship behaviors, in-role performance, and organizational commitment. Nobetween-leader (group-level) differences were found in the outcomes variables.© 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
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