Table 1Proximate, elemental and HHV analysis of samples and products. HHV are reportedon dry ash-free basis. a, b, c Represent the temperatures 460–500–520 C, respectivelyreferred to the 1st step of the process (pyrolysis of raw biomass). Bio-cokeswere produced in the 2nd step at 400 C (WSG) and 410 C (RSM).Samples C H N S *O M.C. **Ash HHVwt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% MJ/kgRSM 43.30 6.10 6.50 <0.1 44.10 1.69 6.40 18.60RSM bio-oila 55.50 7.80 6.12 <0.1 30.58 15.90 0.14 25.00RSM bio-oilb 52.16 5.23 7.18 <0.1 35.43 10.80 0.01 27.00RSM bio-oilc 47.65 7.45 6.85 <0.1 38.05 8.50 0.01 22.60Bio-coke RSMa 73.80 5.50 10.01 <0.1 10.69 0.89 <1 29.10Bio-coke RSMb 73.47 5.79 6.51 <0.1 14.23 0.95 <1 34.50Bio-coke RSMc 75.46 5.10 9.68 <0.1 9.76 0.81 <1 34.30WSG 43.20 6.50 4.50 <0.1 45.80 1.81 2.20 18.30WSG bio-oilc 50.86 5.82 6.06 <0.1 37.26 11.10 0.01 22.80Bio-coke WSGc 72.78 10.73 6.09 <0.1 10.40 1.77 <1 36.90Bio-coke WSGc 5% add 72.55 10.35 5.52 <0.1 11.58 1.71 <1 36.20Bio-coke WSGc 7% add 72.08 10.23 5.54 <0.1 12.1 1.70 <1 35.90Lignite [34] 67.40 5.24 2.86 1.6 22.91 0.93 / /Bitum. coal 81.50 5.30 2.10 0.1 11.10 0.78 6.20 33.50M.C. (moisture content).* By difference.** Based on TGA studies.Table 2Volatile matter (VM) and fixed carbon (FC) of starting materials, bio-oils after 1st stepprocess and final products.Samples aVM aFCRSM 75.9 20.9WSG 81.4 18RSM bio-oil 74.9 13.4WSG bio-oil 79 21.2Bio-coke RSM 32 67.8Bio-coke WSG 28.6 70.8Bio-coke WSG 5%add 23.3 75.8Coal 36.8 63.2
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