3.3 Financial Market Integration
The third in the rate of sources of external economic public policy comes from on the anticipated consequences of financial market integration Once again, the in much of the literature is of perfectly clearing and full integrated global markets-here financial markets, with near instantaneous invest ment decisions lubricated by new digital technologies operating in an effectively post-geographical environment Brien 1992).11 In such a context, vast financial resources can be unleashed by institutional investors in speculative attacks on the currencies of states incurring the investors' displeasure. Sterling's forcible ejection from the European Monetary system (EMs) at the hands of George Soros and others is a classic case in point. Within such models, portfolio investors, in particular, ar seen to display a clear interest in, and preference for, strong and stable currencies backed both by implacable independent central banks with hawkish anti-inflationary credentials and governments wedded in theory and in practice to fiscal moderation and prudence. Any departure from this new financial orthodoxy, it is assumed, will precipitate a flurry of speculation against the currency and a haemorrhaging of investment from assets denominated in that currency. Governments provoke the rath of the financial markets at their peril Once again, this is a familiar and intuitively plausible proposition that would seem out by a series of high-profile speculative flurries against "rogue to be borne governments in recent decades. it however, an empirical claim and one tha growing body of scholarship reveals to b e considerably at odds with the empirical evidence. For capital markets do not seem to be as perfectly integrated as the globalization literature invariably assumes. In particular, the anticipated convergence in interest rates which one would expect from a fully integrated global capital market is simply not exhibited (Hirst and Thompson 1999; Zevin 1992). Moreover, financial integration has also failed to produce the anticipated divergence between rates of domestic savings and rates of domestic investment which one would expect in a fully integrated global capital market-the so-called "Feldstein-Horioka puzzle" (Feld stein and Horioka 198o; see also Epstein 1996, 212-15; Watson 2001a). Finally, though the liberalization of financial markets has certainly increased the speed, severity, and significance of investors' reactions to government policy, capital market participants appear far less discriminating or well informed in their political risk assessment than is conventionally assumed (Mosley 2oo3; Swank 2002). Consequently, policy makers may retain rather more autonomy than is widely accepted. Speculative dynamics, it seems, are in fact relatively rarely unleashed against currencies and, at least as far as the advanced liberal democracies are concerned, the range of government policies
3.3 เงินตลาดรวม The third in the rate of sources of external economic public policy comes from on the anticipated consequences of financial market integration Once again, the in much of the literature is of perfectly clearing and full integrated global markets-here financial markets, with near instantaneous invest ment decisions lubricated by new digital technologies operating in an effectively post-geographical environment Brien 1992).11 In such a context, vast financial resources can be unleashed by institutional investors in speculative attacks on the currencies of states incurring the investors' displeasure. Sterling's forcible ejection from the European Monetary system (EMs) at the hands of George Soros and others is a classic case in point. Within such models, portfolio investors, in particular, ar seen to display a clear interest in, and preference for, strong and stable currencies backed both by implacable independent central banks with hawkish anti-inflationary credentials and governments wedded in theory and in practice to fiscal moderation and prudence. Any departure from this new financial orthodoxy, it is assumed, will precipitate a flurry of speculation against the currency and a haemorrhaging of investment from assets denominated in that currency. Governments provoke the rath of the financial markets at their peril Once again, this is a familiar and intuitively plausible proposition that would seem out by a series of high-profile speculative flurries against "rogue to be borne governments in recent decades. it however, an empirical claim and one tha growing body of scholarship reveals to b e considerably at odds with the empirical evidence. For capital markets do not seem to be as perfectly integrated as the globalization literature invariably assumes. In particular, the anticipated convergence in interest rates which one would expect from a fully integrated global capital market is simply not exhibited (Hirst and Thompson 1999; Zevin 1992). Moreover, financial integration has also failed to produce the anticipated divergence between rates of domestic savings and rates of domestic investment which one would expect in a fully integrated global capital market-the so-called "Feldstein-Horioka puzzle" (Feld stein and Horioka 198o; see also Epstein 1996, 212-15; Watson 2001a). Finally, though the liberalization of financial markets has certainly increased the speed, severity, and significance of investors' reactions to government policy, capital market participants appear far less discriminating or well informed in their political risk assessment than is conventionally assumed (Mosley 2oo3; Swank 2002). Consequently, policy makers may retain rather more autonomy than is widely accepted. Speculative dynamics, it seems, are in fact relatively rarely unleashed against currencies and, at least as far as the advanced liberal democracies are concerned, the range of government policies
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