). These catalytic routes require stoichiometric amounts of catalysts, expensive catalysts, high temperatures, long reaction times, generate undesirable toxic waste products, need complicated workup steps to remove the waste, and use complex catalysts which are homogeneous and therefore have recyclability problems when considering industrial practice. Some of these catalysts also require strong oxidizing agents such as peroxides and high partial pressures of oxygen which are hazardous reagents in transportation, storage, and handling