have been published. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies are available from formal recycling in Europe or North America. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to characterize metal exposure in e-waste recycling workers in Sweden by measuring concentrations in both air samples and exposure biomarkers. We evaluated exposure to 20 toxic metals in four different work tasks at three e-waste plants. We used two different personal air sampling devices and sampling of blood and urine from 65 workers on two different occasions.