Metabolism and Biological Action of Gibberellin:
Gibberellins are isoprenoid compounds. Specifically, they are diterpenes synthesised from acetate units of acetyl coenzyme A by the mevalonic acid pathway. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, a 20- carbon compound, serves as the donor for all gibberellin carbon atoms. Gibberellins are synthesised in the apical shoot buds (young leaves), root tips and developing seeds. Gibberellin transport occurs through simple diffusion as well as through conducting channels.
Many workers compare the action of GA to that of IAA in that both promote cell elongation and induce parthenocarpy; in some cells, both induce cell division also but they differ in their action too. While IAA is transported in a polar mariner, GA is not; while IAA prevents leaf abscission, GA has no effect; while IAA promotes root initiation, GA does not. But, on the contrary, GA tends to break dormancy while IAA does not; GA causes dwarf varieties of plants to grow tall but IAA cannot produce this effect and lastly, GA causes bolting in biennials but IAA does not.
Physiological Effects of Gibberellins:
1. Elongation of intact stems:
Many plants respond to application of GA by a marked increase in stem length; the effect is primarily one of internode elongation.
2. Dwarf shoots:
Besides general increase in stem length, gibberellins specifically induce internodal growth in some genetically dwarf varieties of plants like Pea and Maize. It appears that dwarf- ness of such varieties is due to internal deficiency of gibberellins.
3. Bolting:
Gibberellins induce sub-apical meristem to develop faster. This causes elongation of reduced stem or bolting in case of rosette plants (e.g., Henbane, Cabbage) and root crops (e.g., Radish).
4. Dormancy:
Gibberellins overcome the natural dormancy of buds, tubers, seeds etc., and allow them to grow. In this function they are antagonistic to abscisic acid (ABA).
5. Seed Germination:
During seed germination, especially of cereals, gibberellins stimulate the production of some messenger RNAs and then hydrolytic enzymes like amylases, lipases and pro
teases. The enzymes solubilise the reserve food of the seed. The same is transferred to embryo axis for its growth.
6. Fruit Development:
Along with auxin, gibberellins control fruit growth and development. They can induce parthenocarpy or development of seedless fruits from unfertilized pistils, especially in case of pomes (e.g., Apple, Pear).
7. Flowering:
They promote flowering in long day plants during noninductive periods.
8. Vernalization:
Vernalization or low temperature requirement of some plants can be replaced by gibberellins.
9. Application of gibberellins increases the number and size of several fruits, e.g., Grapes, Tomato; induce parthenocarpy in many species; and delay ripening of citrus fruits thus making storage safe.
Metabolism and Biological Action of Gibberellin:Gibberellins are isoprenoid compounds. Specifically, they are diterpenes synthesised from acetate units of acetyl coenzyme A by the mevalonic acid pathway. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, a 20- carbon compound, serves as the donor for all gibberellin carbon atoms. Gibberellins are synthesised in the apical shoot buds (young leaves), root tips and developing seeds. Gibberellin transport occurs through simple diffusion as well as through conducting channels.Many workers compare the action of GA to that of IAA in that both promote cell elongation and induce parthenocarpy; in some cells, both induce cell division also but they differ in their action too. While IAA is transported in a polar mariner, GA is not; while IAA prevents leaf abscission, GA has no effect; while IAA promotes root initiation, GA does not. But, on the contrary, GA tends to break dormancy while IAA does not; GA causes dwarf varieties of plants to grow tall but IAA cannot produce this effect and lastly, GA causes bolting in biennials but IAA does not.Physiological Effects of Gibberellins:1. Elongation of intact stems:Many plants respond to application of GA by a marked increase in stem length; the effect is primarily one of internode elongation.2. Dwarf shoots:Besides general increase in stem length, gibberellins specifically induce internodal growth in some genetically dwarf varieties of plants like Pea and Maize. It appears that dwarf- ness of such varieties is due to internal deficiency of gibberellins.3. Bolting:Gibberellins induce sub-apical meristem to develop faster. This causes elongation of reduced stem or bolting in case of rosette plants (e.g., Henbane, Cabbage) and root crops (e.g., Radish).4. Dormancy:Gibberellins overcome the natural dormancy of buds, tubers, seeds etc., and allow them to grow. In this function they are antagonistic to abscisic acid (ABA).5. Seed Germination:During seed germination, especially of cereals, gibberellins stimulate the production of some messenger RNAs and then hydrolytic enzymes like amylases, lipases and proteases. The enzymes solubilise the reserve food of the seed. The same is transferred to embryo axis for its growth.6. Fruit Development:Along with auxin, gibberellins control fruit growth and development. They can induce parthenocarpy or development of seedless fruits from unfertilized pistils, especially in case of pomes (e.g., Apple, Pear).7. Flowering:They promote flowering in long day plants during noninductive periods.8. Vernalization:Vernalization or low temperature requirement of some plants can be replaced by gibberellins.9. Application of gibberellins increases the number and size of several fruits, e.g., Grapes, Tomato; induce parthenocarpy in many species; and delay ripening of citrus fruits thus making storage safe.
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