However, this problem would unlikely become worse if there was an integrated
master plan agreed upon by the cities and municipalities that make up Metro Manila.
Lidasan in Llorito (2002b) argue that most major land use projects in the NCR did not
follow any plan which could be identified with any particular land use or zoning policy.
Further, he emphasizes that traffic congestion was also the manifestation of the
intertwining technical and institutional problems in the region. In Metro Manila, the
concept of a functional road hierarchy has largely been lost.
Uranza (2002) cites this fact as an exacerbating factor for traffic congestion and poor environmental conditions.
In traffic operation level, Cracknell (2000) and Uranza (2002) states that the lack of
appreciation by the traffic police of their role in traffic management was also an
aggravating contributor.