As already mentioned, the SHIW provides also an indicator of local
financial development. This indicator, proposed by Guiso et al. (2004),
measures the probability that households have access to credit, that is,
that they are not credit constrained. The SHIW asks households to report
whether, in the 12 months before the interview, they have been
denied credit or did not apply for credit because they thought they
would be turned down. Based on this information, and controlling
for other relevant variables, Guiso et al. (2004) estimate the probability
that a potential borrower is turned down for credit or discouraged
from borrowing, controlling for a wide range of individual and regional
variables