Colored light was achieved by what was called a 'medium' - transparent colored cloth (cotton, wool, or silk), stretched over wire guards and placed in front of the naked gas jets. These mediums were made up into cylinders of color media, which were rotated, gradually changing the color of the light. The general lighting of the stage was usually white, and two standard color schemes were used for effects: orange or red for sunrise or sunset, and blue or green for a moonlit night. A moon effect was created by a lighting apparatus called a 'moon box'.
The effective use of dimming and of color changing enabled the creation of impressive dramatic and atmospheric effects to enhance the action on stage. A prompt script of the Sadler's Wells company from 1852 includes instructions for operation of the lighting and descriptions of the intensity required for each scene. A description of the transition from moonlight to daylight specifies the colors that were used in front of the various lighting instruments.
These technological innovations opened endless new artistic possibilities for lighting, but alsoinfluenced other aspects of stage design. Scenic designers had to take into consideration the effect of strong illumination on painted elements, and accordingly to find new materials and develop new methods. The intensity and the whiter quality of gaslight also dictated a new style of makeup.
Improvements in gaslighting technology in the late 19th century increased the possibilities of artistic stage lighting. Towards the close of the 19th century the new Welsbach burner was introduced. It had a wire mesh mantle over the open gas flame, and as the mesh incandesced it emitted an extremely powerful white light. The pilot light, which had remained burning even when the main gas flame was extinguished in order to enable relighting the flame, was now replaced by an electric spark ignitor. This, for the first time, enabled the auditorium to be darkened completely during the performance.
A typical arrangement of stage lighting instruments included gas burners protected by wire guards at both sides of the stage providing sidelights, gas wings and ladders. In addition, gas battens, or border lights hung over the stage. Gas footlights were used at the front of the stage. All of these burners were controlled by a 'Gasman' at his 'gas table', who changed the lighting in accordance with instructions received from the stage manager.
The limelights were located on proscenium perches and on stage tower galleries, each with its operator.
Colored light was achieved by what was called a 'medium' - transparent colored cloth (cotton, wool, or silk), stretched over wire guards and placed in front of the naked gas jets. These mediums were made up into cylinders of color media, which were rotated, gradually changing the color of the light. The general lighting of the stage was usually white, and two standard color schemes were used for effects: orange or red for sunrise or sunset, and blue or green for a moonlit night. A moon effect was created by a lighting apparatus called a 'moon box'.
The effective use of dimming and of color changing enabled the creation of impressive dramatic and atmospheric effects to enhance the action on stage. A prompt script of the Sadler's Wells company from 1852 includes instructions for operation of the lighting and descriptions of the intensity required for each scene. A description of the transition from moonlight to daylight specifies the colors that were used in front of the various lighting instruments.
These technological innovations opened endless new artistic possibilities for lighting, but alsoinfluenced other aspects of stage design. Scenic designers had to take into consideration the effect of strong illumination on painted elements, and accordingly to find new materials and develop new methods. The intensity and the whiter quality of gaslight also dictated a new style of makeup.
Improvements in gaslighting technology in the late 19th century increased the possibilities of artistic stage lighting. Towards the close of the 19th century the new Welsbach burner was introduced. It had a wire mesh mantle over the open gas flame, and as the mesh incandesced it emitted an extremely powerful white light. The pilot light, which had remained burning even when the main gas flame was extinguished in order to enable relighting the flame, was now replaced by an electric spark ignitor. This, for the first time, enabled the auditorium to be darkened completely during the performance.
A typical arrangement of stage lighting instruments included gas burners protected by wire guards at both sides of the stage providing sidelights, gas wings and ladders. In addition, gas battens, or border lights hung over the stage. Gas footlights were used at the front of the stage. All of these burners were controlled by a 'Gasman' at his 'gas table', who changed the lighting in accordance with instructions received from the stage manager.
The limelights were located on proscenium perches and on stage tower galleries, each with its operator.
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