Dynamic SND problems have a time dimension in the CMND
formulation, making it a discrete multi-period model. Therefore,
the SND problem is mapped both in time and space, and each node
in the new network represents a terminal at a time period. This
space–time network has the potential to accommodate many
real-life properties of SND problems. An example is waiting or
transfer operations at a terminal, represented by arcs connecting
different time periods with the same locations. Another example
is different transportation modes, represented by additional arcs.
Such arcs can therefore accommodate different costs for terminal
operations and modal costs. For an overview on dynamic SND
problems, we refer to Wieberneit (2008).