A second problem is the lack of clarification of what the term competency actually refers to. For example, in a recent book detailing the practice of competency modeling. Lucia and Lepsinger(1999) offer examples of the competencies required for various positions. For a sales consultant, compe tencies included communication skills, product knowledge computer literacy, sociability, self-confidence, mental agility and analytical skills, to name a few. Although some of these competencies refer to personality characteristics(e.g., socia bility), it is difficult to differentiate many from the KSAs studied in a typical job analysis(e.g., product knowledge computer literacy). In addition competencies reflecting personality characteristics such as sociability are certainly included in KSAO approaches to job analysis. Finally, many competencies that appear throughout the literature and in competency models are ill-defined concepts with no clear meaning(e.g., the meaning of a competency such as vision ing; Pearlman& Bamey, 2000). Pearlman and Barney(2000) also add that any deficiencies in the meaning of a competency