Appeal to force: it refers to the acceptance of conclusion by force or threat and it does not prove the truth of the conclusion.
Appeal to pity: this kind of argument is committed when it involves a sense of pity in acceptance of conclusion.
Appeal to ignorance: it is committed when it is argued that statement is true by not proving that is false. According to the author, they mention that when we make an assertion, we usually must assume the responsibility of defending it, if this responsibility is altered to the other side, the fallacy of ignorance is committed.