Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales. Three of the nine subscales from the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales (FSM AS) (Fennema & Sherman, 1976) were used to help establish criterion validity of the UGAS. These three subscales included the confidence in leaming mathematics scale, the mathematics usefulness scale and the effectance motivation scale. Each scale consists of 12 questions, 6 positively and 6 negatively worded, on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Participants' responses can range from strongly disagree to strongly agree. All negatively worded
items were recoded prior to analysis. Scores on each subscale can range from 12 to 60 and the higher the score, the more positive the attitude. Fennema and Sherman (1976) reported split-half reliabilities of 0.93 for the confidence in leaming mathematics subscale, 0.87 for the effectance motivation subscale, and 0.88 for the usefulness of mathematics subscale. They reported the instrument to be a valid and reliable instrument. This instrument has been used extensively in the
research literature as a measure of attitudes toward mathematics. Illustrative items are "Generally 1 have felt secure about attempting mathematics" and "I study mathematics because 1 know how useful it is.
Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales. Three of the nine subscales from the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales (FSM AS) (Fennema & Sherman, 1976) were used to help establish criterion validity of the UGAS. These three subscales included the confidence in leaming mathematics scale, the mathematics usefulness scale and the effectance motivation scale. Each scale consists of 12 questions, 6 positively and 6 negatively worded, on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Participants' responses can range from strongly disagree to strongly agree. All negatively wordeditems were recoded prior to analysis. Scores on each subscale can range from 12 to 60 and the higher the score, the more positive the attitude. Fennema and Sherman (1976) reported split-half reliabilities of 0.93 for the confidence in leaming mathematics subscale, 0.87 for the effectance motivation subscale, and 0.88 for the usefulness of mathematics subscale. They reported the instrument to be a valid and reliable instrument. This instrument has been used extensively in theresearch literature as a measure of attitudes toward mathematics. Illustrative items are "Generally 1 have felt secure about attempting mathematics" and "I study mathematics because 1 know how useful it is.
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