Inflation of a vocal sac characterizes advertisement calling behaviour in nearly all male frogs and toads. Several acoustic and nonacoustic functions have been proposed for the vocal sac (Duellman & Trueb 1986; Rand & Dudley 1993). The vocal sac is not an acoustic cavity resonator,
although it may serve to direct the call towards the receiver, or as a reservoir of mechanical energy during calling (Rand & Dudley 1993). The vocal sac is pigmented and conspicuous in many species (Greenberg 1942; Duellman & Trueb 1986; Ho¨dl & Ame´zquita 2001), and in some species can change colour during the course of courtship (Wells 1980), suggesting that it may play a role in visual communication. In one diurnal species, the dendrobatid frog Colostethus palmatus, females display a normal behavioural response to a rubber model of a male inflating his throat, but fail to display a complete behavioural sequence to the model if inflation is not simulated (Lu¨ddecke 1999).
Inflation of a vocal sac characterizes advertisement calling behaviour in nearly all male frogs and toads. Several acoustic and nonacoustic functions have been proposed for the vocal sac (Duellman & Trueb 1986; Rand & Dudley 1993). The vocal sac is not an acoustic cavity resonator,although it may serve to direct the call towards the receiver, or as a reservoir of mechanical energy during calling (Rand & Dudley 1993). The vocal sac is pigmented and conspicuous in many species (Greenberg 1942; Duellman & Trueb 1986; Ho¨dl & Ame´zquita 2001), and in some species can change colour during the course of courtship (Wells 1980), suggesting that it may play a role in visual communication. In one diurnal species, the dendrobatid frog Colostethus palmatus, females display a normal behavioural response to a rubber model of a male inflating his throat, but fail to display a complete behavioural sequence to the model if inflation is not simulated (Lu¨ddecke 1999).
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