I. Introduction
Managing demand, as a complement to providing supply, is recently acknowledged
in urban transportation planning and policies in ASEAN cities, with an exception for
Singapore. In many cases of the region, the perspective of incorporating transport
demand management (TDM) as an integral part of transportation planning is recognized
by the authorities after their respective cities experience noticeable symptoms of
unsustainable transportation development, such as worsening traffic congestion and air
quality degradation.