Organization culture type and firm ownership type
To answer the third objective of this paper, that is to examine whether any differences
exist with respect to organizational culture under different ownership types, we performed
a χ2 test. The relation between organizational culture and ownership types was found to
be significant, χ2 (8, n¼339)¼29.53 po0.01. The privately owned firms, those that had
foreign ownership, and the firms with mixed ownership were more likely to have highly
integrative culture, while the publicly owned and the state-owned firms were more likely
to have moderately integrative culture. These results are presented in Table VI above.
Among the privately owned firms, 58.4 percent were found to have Highly
Integrative Culture, while 29.8 and 11.8 percent had Moderately Integrative Culture and
Hierarchy Culture respectively. As against this, most of the publically owned firms
(61.5 percent) had Moderately Integrative Culture while 26.9 and 11.5 percent had
Hierarchy Culture and Highly Integrative Culture respectively. Most of the state-owned
firms (37.5 percent) had Moderately Integrative Culture, while 31.2 percent had Highly
Integrative Culture and 31.2 percent had Hierarchy Culture. In addition, most of the
firms with foreign ownership (51.8 percent) had Highly Integrative Culture while 38.2