้ the notion of speaking
studying English without practice speaking is useless. Through speaking, one canexpress their minds, ideas and thought freely and spontaneously. To most people, mastering theart of speaking is the single most important aspect of learning a second or foreign language, andsuccess is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language.In psycholinguistic, speaking is a productive language skill. It is a mental process(O’Grady, 2000:310). Mental process also called as “a process of thinking”. We use word, phrases, and sentences to convey a message to a listener. A
word
is the smallest free form (anitem that may be uttered in isolation withsemanticor pragmaticcontent) in alanguage, while a phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than onewordbut lacks thesubject- predicate organization of aclause.When we combine these words into one group, then it become asentence.Many students regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. Thesestudents define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read,write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they canacquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spokencommunication (Burnkart: 1998).Generally, students need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge(Burnkart: 1998):
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Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the rightorder with the correct pronunciation
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Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential(transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required(interaction/relationship building)
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Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses betweenspeakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who isspeaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason