The transactional view is especially reinforced by the frequent observation of psychologists that interest, expectations, anxieties, and other patterns based on past experience affect what an individual perceives. Dewey rejected the simple stimulus-response notion in which the organism passively receives the stimulus, and pointed out that to some extent the organism selects out the stimulus to which it will respond. This is not limited to situations in which, for example, the perceiver projects his interpretation upon a formless or "unstructured" stimulus as in the projection of meanings onto the blots of ink of the Rorschach Test. Experiments have demonstrated that the perceiver "sees" even a structured environment in the way that his past experience has led him to interpret it.
The transactional point of view has been systematically developed by a group by psychologists mainly through experiments in perception.* For example, in one of the Ames-Cantril experiments, the viewer "sees" a room as rectangular although it is in actuality trapezoidal or otherwise distorted. Here, the observer is confronted with a definitely structured stimulus, but the cues are selected and organized or interpreted according to past experience of a room. Simple information that the room is distorted has not necessarily been sufficient to enable the observer to see the room as distorted. Often a disturbing period of readjustment is required. The observer hits walls which he sees or interprets as being elsewhere; he flails about with a stick at non-existent walls. Ultimately, a new set of sensitivities and assumptions is built up, and he learns to respond to or organize those cues that can be interpreted as a room distorted in certain ways. Without the effort at testing his perception, the observer would not have realized that what he saw was largely a projection from past experience. Yet only through such criticism of his own perception could he build up the equipment with which to achieve
a more adequate perception. In both instances, what was perceived involved both the perceiver's contribution and the environmental
The transactional view is especially reinforced by the frequent observation of psychologists that interest, expectations, anxieties, and other patterns based on past experience affect what an individual perceives. Dewey rejected the simple stimulus-response notion in which the organism passively receives the stimulus, and pointed out that to some extent the organism selects out the stimulus to which it will respond. This is not limited to situations in which, for example, the perceiver projects his interpretation upon a formless or "unstructured" stimulus as in the projection of meanings onto the blots of ink of the Rorschach Test. Experiments have demonstrated that the perceiver "sees" even a structured environment in the way that his past experience has led him to interpret it.The transactional point of view has been systematically developed by a group by psychologists mainly through experiments in perception.* For example, in one of the Ames-Cantril experiments, the viewer "sees" a room as rectangular although it is in actuality trapezoidal or otherwise distorted. Here, the observer is confronted with a definitely structured stimulus, but the cues are selected and organized or interpreted according to past experience of a room. Simple information that the room is distorted has not necessarily been sufficient to enable the observer to see the room as distorted. Often a disturbing period of readjustment is required. The observer hits walls which he sees or interprets as being elsewhere; he flails about with a stick at non-existent walls. Ultimately, a new set of sensitivities and assumptions is built up, and he learns to respond to or organize those cues that can be interpreted as a room distorted in certain ways. Without the effort at testing his perception, the observer would not have realized that what he saw was largely a projection from past experience. Yet only through such criticism of his own perception could he build up the equipment with which to achievea more adequate perception. In both instances, what was perceived involved both the perceiver's contribution and the environmental
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
