Systematic BL Media Selection Process
Flowcharts illustrate Stages I-III, including guiding questions and key decisions for formulating f2f or dL course nominations. In short, Stage I helps determine the basic instructional mode: In other words, whether lessons or parts of lessons within a course should be facilitated in residence (f2f) or online (dL). Stage II flowcharts help determine the primary instructional delivery system for dL and the primary instructional setting for f2f lessons. Stage III flowcharts define the instructional strategy, specific media (e.g., audio, video, text or graphics) and telecommunication tools (e.g., electronic bulletin boards, podcasts, static or interactive web pages) that should be used to facilitate learning in either a dL or f2f environment. After Stage III questions and decisions have been made, course designers are encouraged to compile all the results into a course analysis report, described at the end of this section of the article.
Two aspects of the BL media selection process posited by this study require qualification before describing and applying the process. First, Stage I of the media selection process nominates lessons or portions of lessons that address higher-order thinking skills for f2f training (rather than dL). As such, dL lessons that address higher-order thinking skills do not follow the logical sequence of decisions posed in process. Although it is assumed that dL technologies may be used to facilitate learning of higher-order thinking skills, the fundamental approach taken in this initiative focuses on optimizing residential training by addressing basic skills and knowledge in a dL format and higher order thinking skills and complex procedures in a f2f format. Thus, when analyzing courses containing dL lessons that address higher-order thinking skills, BL designers have at least three choices, they may decide (a) not to analyze the dL lessons and note why in related course analysis reports, (b) skip Stage I and Stage II of the BL media selection process and begin the analysis of the dL lesson(s) at Stage IIIa to examine the instructional strategy applied in the lesson(s) and assess the appropriateness of using dL technologies to facilitate the lesson, or (c) skip Stages I, II and IIIa of the process and begin the analysis of the dL lesson(s) with Stage IIIb to assess appropriateness of using dL technologies to facilitate that lesson.
The second qualification is that alternative taxonomies may be used to distinguish higher and lower order skills. For this study, Bloom’s (1956) original taxonomy for classifying learning objectives was applied due to the familiarity and current use of the taxonomy for designing and delivering instruction at USAICoE. However, we recognize a number of viable taxonomies for classifying learning outcomes, including but not necessarily limited to the newer version of Bloom’s taxonomy published by Anderson & Krathwohl (2001) as well as Gagne’s (1985) Taxonomy of Learning Outcomes. The criteria used to distinguish lower from higher order skills for this study using Bloom’s original taxonomy (but may also be used with other taxonomies) is that the application of lower order skills typically leads to one correct answer/solution or there is only one correct way to apply the skill. The application of higher-order skills, in contrast, may result in multiple correct answers. Higher order skills may also be applied in different ways, yet still lead to a “correct” answer.
Stage I –Basic Instructional Mode (f2f or dL) Selection
Stage I of the overall media selection process answers the question, “What aspects of a course and related lessons should be nominated for blended learning (BL), conventional classroom learning (f2f), or distance learning (dL)?” Figure 1 depicts the sequence of key questions and decisions to be made during Stage I. In short, Stage I helps determine the basic instructional mode (BL, f2f or dL) that should be used to facilitate a lesson or parts of lesson within a course.
Stage I begins with the question, “Does the terminal learning objective (TLO) for a lesson address higher- skills (i.e., analysis, synthesis or evaluation according to Bloom’s taxonomy) or job-tasks that require the application of complex procedures and/or advanced psychomotor skills?” Armed with a curriculum map
Systematic BL Media Selection Process
Flowcharts illustrate Stages I-III, including guiding questions and key decisions for formulating f2f or dL course nominations. In short, Stage I helps determine the basic instructional mode: In other words, whether lessons or parts of lessons within a course should be facilitated in residence (f2f) or online (dL). Stage II flowcharts help determine the primary instructional delivery system for dL and the primary instructional setting for f2f lessons. Stage III flowcharts define the instructional strategy, specific media (e.g., audio, video, text or graphics) and telecommunication tools (e.g., electronic bulletin boards, podcasts, static or interactive web pages) that should be used to facilitate learning in either a dL or f2f environment. After Stage III questions and decisions have been made, course designers are encouraged to compile all the results into a course analysis report, described at the end of this section of the article.
Two aspects of the BL media selection process posited by this study require qualification before describing and applying the process. First, Stage I of the media selection process nominates lessons or portions of lessons that address higher-order thinking skills for f2f training (rather than dL). As such, dL lessons that address higher-order thinking skills do not follow the logical sequence of decisions posed in process. Although it is assumed that dL technologies may be used to facilitate learning of higher-order thinking skills, the fundamental approach taken in this initiative focuses on optimizing residential training by addressing basic skills and knowledge in a dL format and higher order thinking skills and complex procedures in a f2f format. Thus, when analyzing courses containing dL lessons that address higher-order thinking skills, BL designers have at least three choices, they may decide (a) not to analyze the dL lessons and note why in related course analysis reports, (b) skip Stage I and Stage II of the BL media selection process and begin the analysis of the dL lesson(s) at Stage IIIa to examine the instructional strategy applied in the lesson(s) and assess the appropriateness of using dL technologies to facilitate the lesson, or (c) skip Stages I, II and IIIa of the process and begin the analysis of the dL lesson(s) with Stage IIIb to assess appropriateness of using dL technologies to facilitate that lesson.
The second qualification is that alternative taxonomies may be used to distinguish higher and lower order skills. For this study, Bloom’s (1956) original taxonomy for classifying learning objectives was applied due to the familiarity and current use of the taxonomy for designing and delivering instruction at USAICoE. However, we recognize a number of viable taxonomies for classifying learning outcomes, including but not necessarily limited to the newer version of Bloom’s taxonomy published by Anderson & Krathwohl (2001) as well as Gagne’s (1985) Taxonomy of Learning Outcomes. The criteria used to distinguish lower from higher order skills for this study using Bloom’s original taxonomy (but may also be used with other taxonomies) is that the application of lower order skills typically leads to one correct answer/solution or there is only one correct way to apply the skill. The application of higher-order skills, in contrast, may result in multiple correct answers. Higher order skills may also be applied in different ways, yet still lead to a “correct” answer.
Stage I –Basic Instructional Mode (f2f or dL) Selection
Stage I of the overall media selection process answers the question, “What aspects of a course and related lessons should be nominated for blended learning (BL), conventional classroom learning (f2f), or distance learning (dL)?” Figure 1 depicts the sequence of key questions and decisions to be made during Stage I. In short, Stage I helps determine the basic instructional mode (BL, f2f or dL) that should be used to facilitate a lesson or parts of lesson within a course.
Stage I begins with the question, “Does the terminal learning objective (TLO) for a lesson address higher- skills (i.e., analysis, synthesis or evaluation according to Bloom’s taxonomy) or job-tasks that require the application of complex procedures and/or advanced psychomotor skills?” Armed with a curriculum map
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