management focuses on correcting the underlying disorder. If the pulmonary edema is cardia in origin, then improvement in lift ventricular function is the goal. Vasodilators, inotropic medications, afterload or preload agants, or contracitility medications may be administered. Additional cardiac measure may be indicated if there is no response. If the problem is fluid overload, diuretics are administered and fluids are restricted. Oxygen is administered to correct the hypoxemia ; in some circumstances, intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary. The patient is extremely anxious, and morphine is prescribed to reduce anxiety and control pain.