Prior to the start of the Vipassana meditation and chanting interventions, two subjects recruited for the Vipassana meditation group and one recruited for the chanting group dropped out, as a result of leaving town, leaving 31 subjects in the Vipassana meditation group, 23 in the chanting group and 25 in the control group. The demographic, family status and religious experience characteristics for each group are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively. As can be noted, subjects in the three groups were fairly similar with the exception of gender (i.e. the control group had significantly more males) and prior involvement with Vipassana meditation (i.e. the chanting group had significantly more subjects).