The phrase ‘civil rights and obligations’ has been interpreted broadly so as to include: disputes concerning land use; monetary claims against public authorities; applications for, and revocations of, licenses; claims for certain types of social security benefit; and disciplinary proceedings leading to suspension or expulsion from a profession. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has stressed a number of elements as integral to the requirement of a fair hearing pursuant to Article 6. There must be access to a court. There must be procedural equality or what is often termed ‘equality of arms’. This implies that each party must be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present his case, including his evidence, under conditions that do not place him at a substantial disadvantage in relation to his opponent. There must be some proper form of judicial process, which will often take the form of an adversarial trial where the parties have the opportunity to have knowledge of, and comment on, the observations and evidence adduced by the other side. While there is no express requirement to give reasons the regards llr is as implicit in the obligation to provide a fair hearing. Reasons do irot have I: he given for every single point, but they must be sullicierrt to errrrblc a party to understand the essence of the decision in order to he able to exercise airy appeal rights. The requirements Ufalair hearing do not have to bc satisfied at gym, stage in the decision-making process. Where an administrative body does not comply with the duty imposed by Article 6 it will have to be subject to the control of a judicial body wl1i¢]1docs so comply.