The term effectiveness obviously does not derive from legal language per se, but rather legal theoryor sociologyof law. However, law specialists, who attach great importance to words and the concepts behind them, cannot deny that the term has infiltrated legal language itself. Thus, article 13 of the European convention for the protection of human rights speaks of ‘‘effective legal remedies’’; the 1961 European Charter, revised in 1996, mentions the necessity to ensure ‘‘effective application’’ of a law, ...similarly, the concept of ‘‘effectiveness’’ has appeared in European law, stating that a legal instrument – e.g. the directive on European Works Councils – or its individual provisions – must be interpreted specifically in terms of theireffectiveness