The study area is situated on the Sierra de Francia area, Salamanca
Province (Spain). Three permanent no-till and unfertilised
plots were established in fields within a diverse forest management
practice (FMP): the first in a C. sativa Mill. paraclimax coppice (CC),
the second in a chestnut orchard (CO) and the third in a Q. pyrenaica
Wild. climax forest (Oak), that is adjacent to the CO plot. The
densities of trees are (tree ha−1): 1892, 382 and 2960 for CC, CO and
Oak, respectively (Table 1).