6. Conclusion
This study investigates the relationship between cognitive maps of London, transport modes (travel modes) and navigation
systems such as GPS. The findings of this research substantiate previous studies that suggest landmarks and routes can
affect cognitive maps and help with way-finding. This studies’ contribution lies more with the underexplored practical factors
of transportation modes and GPS and their relationships with cognitive maps. One of the significant relationships found
was a negative relationship between GPS and the map scale. In terms of drawing the map of London in city scale, the number
of GPS non-users was twice as many as GPS users. This suggests that GPS users may not have a bigger picture of London as a
complete city and instead the map they have in their mind is partial and shows that some areas are not necessarily connected
to other areas, confirming the results of studies which suggest that navigation users have problems shaping a spatial
cognitive knowledge of their environment (Krüger et al., 2004; Münzer et al., 2006). From the three scores used to measure
GPS, only one of them showed an effect on the map scale, this was when the participants stated they used their GPS to find
an address and to remember it. This score seemed to influence seeing London in a bigger picture (in a larger scale).
6. Conclusion
This study investigates the relationship between cognitive maps of London, transport modes (travel modes) and navigation
systems such as GPS. The findings of this research substantiate previous studies that suggest landmarks and routes can
affect cognitive maps and help with way-finding. This studies’ contribution lies more with the underexplored practical factors
of transportation modes and GPS and their relationships with cognitive maps. One of the significant relationships found
was a negative relationship between GPS and the map scale. In terms of drawing the map of London in city scale, the number
of GPS non-users was twice as many as GPS users. This suggests that GPS users may not have a bigger picture of London as a
complete city and instead the map they have in their mind is partial and shows that some areas are not necessarily connected
to other areas, confirming the results of studies which suggest that navigation users have problems shaping a spatial
cognitive knowledge of their environment (Krüger et al., 2004; Münzer et al., 2006). From the three scores used to measure
GPS, only one of them showed an effect on the map scale, this was when the participants stated they used their GPS to find
an address and to remember it. This score seemed to influence seeing London in a bigger picture (in a larger scale).
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