printed questionnaries and responses were circulating among a group of experts.
In 1971, Turoff moved to the U.S. Office of Emergency Preparedness, where, during the Nixon administration's wage and price freeze, he was involved in a project to construct a system for rapidly collecting and collating information from geographically dispersed branch offices. EMISARI (Emergency Management Information and Reference System) was the result, a system considered, along with parts of Engelbart's NLS (oNLineSystem), as the original ancestor of today's computer conferencing systems (Rapaport, 1991, and Rheingold, 1993).