Cognitive-related validity is concerned with the extent to which the cognitive processes
employed by candidates are the same as those that will be needed in real-world contexts
beyond the test. These real-world contexts are known as the Target Language Use (TLU)
domain (Bachman and Palmer 1996). Context-related validity is concerned with the
conditions under which the test is performed and so includes aspects such as the tasks, the
rubric and the topic as well as the administration conditions.