in the national innovation systems of United States
and Germany, as described in Nelson (1993).
These perspectives share a number of insights
about the innovation process. For example, all three
agree on the centrality of R&D manpower and the
need for a deep local technology base. Without
skilled scientists and engineers operating in an environment
with access to cutting-edge technology, it
is unlikely that a country will produce an appreciable
amount of new-to-the-world innovative output.